Rational

            As per usual, my paper will begin with an introduction designed to introduce my topic. The next few sentences will explain why the topic matters. I do this by giving examples within today’s society that show a shift in social norms as well as providing a contrast to the media’s representation of today’s society. The sentence before my thesis will provide the definition of media I intend to use within my paper. My source for this is the online version of the Oxford English Dictionaries.  And the last sentence will be my thesis, outlining what I will be talking about in my paper, my stance on it, as well as my general argument.

                My first body paragraph will talk about how gender is portrayed by the media. I start with videogames because of the general popularity of them. The study I site is from Karen Dill. I chose to site her study because it was the most thorough I found while doing my research. She draws many parallels between genders portrayed in the games and the overall effect it has on the players, which I site at a later time. To further show the outdated portrayal the media presents, I site a study by Diane Negra. I directly site her study because she shows the most thorough with her parallels and conclusions. Within this point of my paper, I have a few other sources I would like to work in, I am just not sure as to how they will fit yet which is why they were not included within my outline.

                My second point in this paper is on the techniques the media uses to reinforce their view points. I feel as though this is an important point to include because it shows how we are not always fully aware of what we are watching or how it may affect us. I focus on two main factors, visual and verbal. For both I site Amy Jones and her study on the Olympics. I bring in this study because the Olympics is a big event that most of the world watches. If the media is careful, they can influence a great many things about how their viewers feel about an athlete. I am hoping to find at least one more source to strengthen this paragraph of my paper.

                My third point is about the effects of what the portrayal does to their viewers. Make two points here: the effect on people’s view point as well as their self-esteem and self-worth. I site mainly Karen Dill and Jennifer Knight. They’re both excellent sources that talk about two major view point I have integrated into my paper, Videogames and sports. I have a third source I would like to include here, I am just unsure of how exactly her will fit in at this point.

                My final paragraph will be my conclusion. This will give the general overview of my points as well as reiterate my main arguments. The final sentence will hopefully sum up my entire point once and for all in a hopefully creative and thoughtful way.

Outline

I.                    Introduction: A brief overview and background of my topic, finished with my thesis.

A.      Women are working, men are staying home, married couples don’t want children, and couples who aren’t married are having children.

i.                     These shifts in social norms have brought many changes to how people have to view gender roles, but the media has yet to get the memo.

B.      Within the realms of this paper, I wish to define media as: The main means of mass communication (broadcasting, publishing, and the Internet) regarded collectively (Oxford English Dictionary).

C.      Thesis: With the portrayal and techniques employed by the media, the effects are to be taken into serious consideration. 

II.                  Gender Roles: The media portrays gender roles in the old fashioned way.

A.      Women are sexualized while men are portrayed as Men not boys.

i.                     “In Grand Thief Auto (GTA)…women were typically depicted as prostitutes and men as violent thugs” (Dill 853).

ii.                   “Consistent with hypermasculine male ideals, advertising text sometimes depicted danger as thrilling and violence as manly” (Dill 853)

B.      Women are presented as homemakers while men the bread winners.

i.                     “These women are seen as stepping into the income breach without deviating from their domestic roles…” (Negra 124)

ii.                   “…but it goes out of it’s way to caricature women as incapable of understanding the depth of male dedication to a cause” (Negra 128)

III.                Technique: The media uses a number of subliminal techniques to enforce their gender roles on their unknowing viewers.

A.      Visual ques are one method of reinforcement.

i.                     “More commonly, visual portrayals in the media focus on a female athlete’s beauty and sexuality” (Jones 201).

ii.                   “finally, male athletes receive more camera angles and more close-ups than female athletes, indicating more excitement” (Jones 201).

B.      Verbal ques are another.

i.                     “As a result female athletes are often described as mother’s and wife’s and male athletes are more likely to be described using masculine descriptors” (Jones 202).

ii.                   “Both male and female athletes who do not participate in gender-appropriate sports or do not portray a gender-appropriate image are arguably more likely to face such stereotypical media coverage” (jones 202).

IV.                Effects: These Portrayals and methods of reinforcement often do more harm than good.

A.      Current portrayals control people’s view of people.

i.                     “…this pattern results in men appearing smarter and in women appearing objectified” (Knight 13).

B.      Portrayal such as this has negative effects to one’s own image.

i.                     “Media also exert a strong influence on male body image, as stereotyping of hypermasculinity are connected with the drive for muscularity, motivating boys and young men to engage in unhealthy practices…” (Dill 825).

ii.                   Research has also shown that exposure to media images of ideal beauty causes college men to find the average-looking ‘real’ women less attractive” (Dill 825).

V.                  Conclusion: Allowing the media to portray genders as they want will do no one any good.

 

Abstract

Over the last few decades, we have seen a dramatic turn in gender roles. The media, however, uses outdated information while making their product. This paper hopes to shed light on this issue and outdated portrayal. It also hopes to demonstrate how they enforce their view in gender roles and the effects from their portrayal. Although this may not seem like an issue to take to heart, this paper hopes to challenge that and show why this is something to change and fight against.

Chapter Fourteen

This chapter is all about the drafting process. The first section goes over utilizing your outline to draft. It is a organized mushing process. The second section is about drafting effective paragraphs. It talks about organizing around main ideas and arguments, using correct and effective sources, as well as good, strong transitional phrasing from one idea to the next. The next section is about the introduction. This is about framing your issue, introducing your issue, and stating a thesis. The following section goes over making your draft easy to follow. This has everything to do with organization. See Chapter 13 for more info. The last section goes over the conclusion. This is a restatement of your main points and arguments as well as summing them all up.

This is important because if the draft is done well then finalizing it goes smoothly; only taking up a little time. By this point we are all sick of our papers so doing a thorough job with the draft meant finishing sooner. Following these guidelines allows us to do just that.

Chapters Twelve and Thirteen

Chapter twelve is all about developing an effective argument within the aspects of our topic. The first question is all about supporting the thesis, which is very important. It states that once you pick a stance, you pick reasons that support that stance, then you find evidence to support each reason respectively, then you word it all to appeal to your specific audience. It is king of like building a pyramid from the top down. The next question it addresses is about the integrity of your argument. In order to make sure it is a strong argument, you check for the fallacies within the argument and your analysis of it. From careless reasoning to misrepresentations, taking a fine-toothed comb through your entire paper will allow you to find and address these faults and allow you to change them before your readers find them.

This is important because if your argument is not strong or on topic than your credibility is down the drain along with your paper and topic. This mean all your work was for not. Making sure to check all these areas within the paper and argument give you an extra security blanket against the cold winter critiques can and will bring.

Chapter Thirteen talks about organizing your paper. It's first section goes over and defines different organizational styles such as Chronologically, Description, Pro/Con, etc. The second section goes over the arrangement for your argument which can be done as Label evidence, Group Evidence, Clustering or Mapping. The final section goes over the creation of an outline. This can be formal or informal. Basically the lazy way and the not lazy way.

This is important because organization is key. If the paper isn't easy to understand and follow, the reader will lose interest and more than likely stop reading your paper. By following the tips within this chapter, the paper will have more flow and this keep your readers reading.

Chapters Seventeen and Eighteen

Chapter Seventeen is all about revising and editing your document/paper/report/work as you go along. The first section is explaining the importance of considering your stance and topical of your paper. This is important because as you revise your work you want to be sure you are consistent. The second section goes over different strategies you can use during your revision process such as highlighting arguments and main points, using another set of eyes, and multiple drafts. The third section goes over main focus points to advise while editing such as grammar errors, consistency, accuracy, and economy. The last section goes over strategies for editing which includes careful reading, physically marking your paper, and having someone else go over your paper.

These are all important factors because as we begin to write and rewrite our papers over long periods of time, we tend to change this or that without thinking about the overall flow of the paper. Those 3AM sessions really kill us in these areas because when we begin to consider these factors while revising and editing, we spend a lot more time rewriting due to careless mistakes. This chapter teaches us how to fix those mistakes.

Chapter Eighteen is about design and lay out of your paper. The look says just as much as the paper itself. This goes over how to achieve a professional and clean design. It states that we aren't designing the paper for ourselves, we are designing it to appeal to our readers and that is an important factor to keep in mind. Design includes different fonts, headings, subheadings, layout elements, shading, boarders, illustrations and graphs, line spacing, and alignment.

These are all important factors because if we don't take this into account while laying out our paper, we may end up designing a paper that appeals to children instead of the scientific community or vise versa. So keeping in mind the audience while picking out all of those features is imperative detain work that must be taken into account.

Literature Review

As a woman of the twenty-first century, I get to live in the unique era it is: women are working, men are staying home, married couples don’t want children, and couples who aren’t married are having children. These shifts in social norms have brought many changes to how people have to view gender roles, but the media has yet to get the memo. This difference in realities is what sparked the idea for this paper.  The media uses subliminal techniques to promote the world that they want, this includes ideas of how women and men should look and act as well as their place within the family and society. This paper will look at: Sources I found but don’t plan on using, the portrayal of gender roles in the media, effects of the portrayal, and the types of techniques used.

There are a number of great sources that speak on how gender roles are portrayed by the media. Lisa M. Cuklanz wrote an article in 2011 titled "Mass Media Representation Gendered Violence." She talks about how the media portrays men and women in high stress, usually violent situations. It explains the way men are usually the violent ones, causing drama and harm and/or they are the heroes, saving the day in the most masculine way possible. On the other hand, she explains that women are usually portrayed as weaker and always in need of help or saving, they are almost always the victim. The media is not only aware of this portrayal, but continues to include this outdated stereotype.  Aleichia Williams in  “My Culture Taught Me to be a Homemaker. Thanks, but I Want More.” Published in the Huffington Post News in September of 2015 talks about how her cultural background created a sense that all she would amount to was being a mom. She explains how she felt that must have been true because the media portrayed women in that manner. It wasn’t until high school that she realized she could do more. We can see this also in “My Son Was a Princess for Halloween, and I Became a Better Parent” by Lauren Mayeno published in the Huffington Post News September 2015. This is an article that is about a mothers’ struggle with her child not following the social norms of what boys are supposed to like. Her boy preferred to play with dolls and dress up verses going outside and playing in the dirt. After asking her son what he wanted to be for Halloween and he answered a princess without hesitation, the struggle for her became even worse. I want to use this source because it shows, on a personal and ordinary level, that gender roles are hard to break out of fear is social criticism and what is expected of them. Although this doesn’t follow my media is the cause- it does show on a social level that gender norms are all around hard to break and the messaging from the media doesn’t help. Antoher interesting side to these gender roles is brought up by Diane Negra in her work "Gender Bifurcation in the Recession Economy: Extreme Couponing and Gold Rush Alaska." Published in the Cinema Journals I 2013. She argues that when the US was in the recession, the media broadcasted shows that enforced gender conformity to traditional roles. Women were portrayed as homemakers in Extreme Couponing while men were portrayed as bread makers and “real men” braving the rough terrain in Alaska for gold. Malgorzata Wolska in "Gender Stereotypes in Mass Media. Case Study: Analysis of the Gender Stereotyping Phenomenon in TV Commercials."  Published in September 2011 takes on steryoptypes like the ones Negra brings up. She argues that within everyday commercials and advertisements, not just television shows, women and men are cast in traditional gender roles. By placing women and men within the traditional roles, the media is telling everyone who sees them that this is the way the world should work. Nicholas Winter argues the steryotyping and strategic placement of men and women in his article "Masculine Republicans And Feminine Democrats: Gender and Americans' Explicit and Implicit Images of the Political Parties” Published in Political Behavior in 2010. Even in politics, he argues, there is the traditional gender roles in how men and women are associated within their political parties and that then affects how the public and their peers view them within the world of politics. The media comes into play here based on how each representative of the parties are broadcasted and talked about. To finish off the topic of the way the media presents gender roles is a book by Kath Woodward called Questioning Identity: Gender, Class, Ethnicity published in London in 2004. She explains how teens go through a phase where they question everything about themselves and how most of them will turn towards the media and internet for answers, which can have a very negative effect on them. She explains how the media can use this vulnerability to conform the next generation into thinking and feeling one way verses another. S.  Chant wrote "Researching Gender, Families and Households in Latin America: From the 20Th into The21st Century” In 2002. This paper goes over the main issues surrounding the familial unit. It reviews how gender roles have changed and the effects that has had on the family and society as well such as women heading households, men staying home with family, and women being more involved within the world. It also reviews how stereotypes play a part on gender roles within the 21st century. It shows how the changes are different than a century ago and what could be behind these changes such as society, the media, and culture. I don’t think I plan on using this source anymore due to the study only covering Latin America.

Another area that I feel the need to cover under the topic of media based conformity is a more taboo topic within our society, sex portrayal in the media. Karen E. Dill and Kathryn P. Thyll cover this in their article "Video Game Characters and the Socialization of Gender Roles: Young People’s Perceptions Mirror Sexist Media Depictions" published on Sex Roles October 2007. This article is about the sexual socialization of women and the masculine way men are portrayed in videogames. It is a study that drawn many connections between video games and the media and the common goal they have. Monique L. Ward captures this topic in another perspective in her article “Understanding the role of entertainment media in the sexual socialization of American youth: A review of empirical research” published in Developmental Review September of 2003. This is a review of most of the studies done on the correlation of the media and the sexual socialization of the youth in America. It goes over the type of media and the different types of sexual content that are within those types of media. It then goes over the feelings and attitude differences associated with that media when introduced to teens and College Students.

The next aspect of my paper is based on techniques used by the media to subliminally press their views into their viewers. Amy H. Jones goes over this is her study "Visual and Verbal Gender Cues In the Televised Coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics" which was published in The Social Science Collection in 2010. This is a study that analyzes the visual and social cues within sports and the media. It explains how the sex of commentator, angle of the camera, wardrobe of the athletes, words and phrases used in speaking, etc., are all used to subliminally create a biased for or against a specific sex within the sport. Another study that touches on this is from Jennifer L. Knight and Traci A. Giuliano in “He's a Laker; She's a “Looker”: The Consequences of Gender-Stereotypical Portrayals of Male and Female Athlete" published in Sex Roles in August of 2001. This article goes over the gender roles in sports based on the audience’s preference. It explains that people’s preferences on athletes were based on the coverage given. Women’s sports articles were based on the attractiveness of the athlete verses men’s coverage was based on abilities and game history. It goes on about the correlation of the media verse the audience. I plan on using this source to once again show technique the media uses to change perceptions on women and men.

My last area of discussion is based on the effects of this type of portrail. Shelly Grabe and et al. touch on this “The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlation studies" published in Psychological Bulletin in May of 2008.This study is going over how many different types of effects the media can cause when portraying the ideal woman. It lists 141 different mental effect out of 77 different subjects. I plan on using this to show again how much the media impact the viewer in ways that are not all positive. In his book David Schneider published in 2005 The Psychology of Stereotyping, He shows the effects of what stereotyping can do. He traces the origin of stereotyping and how it the media can reinforce these stereotypes causing an overall negative effect of those being stereotyped. It can instill fear or unreasonable praise. Both of which are out of place and can be detrimental. I plan on using this source because it shows a technique the media uses to enforce ideals without stating them directly. The media uses a system already in place which makes reinforcement easier. Dr. Stacy L. Smith and Amy D. Granados in "Gender and the Media." touch on this effect within children. They talk about a study that was done about the effects of the media’s presentation of men and women within children’s shows-most of which are negative. They then go into what can be done to help stop and reverse the effects. I plan on using this source to show direct effects of exposing children to enforced gender roles. Eric Stice and company in “Relation of media exposure to eating disorder symptomatology: An examination of mediating mechanisms.” published in 1994 explains the correlation between media expose and eating disorders in men and women. It goes in depth of not only the eating disorders themselves but the pathology of them and their causes my media. I plan on using this source to show the effects of what the media is doing as well as to show why this matters. The United States Congress: Energy and Commerce is debating the act Healthy Media for Youth Act. This is a bill to create programs to empower girls and boys: to help give them positive reinforcement against the media. I want to use this bill because it shows that something has to be done against this ideal the media is spreading about what the world should look like. The United States Congress is also working on part two of this bill: Healthy Media for Youth Act. This is a bill to fund research on women’s portrayal in the media. It is to see if the effects of said portrayal are positive or negative and then to form a solution if needed. I plan on using this source because it shows that there is concern for this problem on a federal level. I did find an article titled “Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors Associated with U.S. Early Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Media” by Jane D. Brown and L’Engle L. Kelly.  This article, published in 2009, is about the exposure of sexual based media to adolescence and their reaction to it. It explains the types of media used within the study: Pornography, X Rated Movies, etc. and the outcomes on teenage men and women of various social and economic backgrounds. I don’t plan using this source because it goes off on a tangent I am not directing my paper. Ascunción Lavrin wrote “Women, The Family, And Social Change in Latin America” In 1987. This article is about the causes and effects of change within the parameters of social life in Latin America. She explains how social pressures and influences such as family, friends, and the media one are exposed to can influence changes in one’s behavior. I don’t plan on using this source because it is focus on only Latin America where as I was hoping to include a more broad spectrum in my paper.

Outline, Rational, Abstract In Class Lab

5. As a woman of the twenty-first century, I get to live in the unique era it is: women are working, men are staying home, married couples don’t want children, and couples who aren’t married are having children. These shifts in social norms have brought many changes to how people have to view gender roles, but the media has yet to get the memo. This difference in realities is what sparked the idea for this paper.  The media uses subliminal techniques to promote the world that they want, this includes ideas of how women and men should look and act as well as their place within the family and society. My topic is thus gender roles within the media. My more narrowed topic looks at the way gender roles are presented, enforced, and the effects from it.

6. I think my topic is important because it has a huge negative on both men and women' mental health which in turns effects their physical health. I also believe this topic to be important because it is unfair of the media to oppress their set of values on unsuspecting viewers.

7.I found a lot of information on my topics and split it into three general topics. Using my annotated bibliography, I will cite one source from each of these topics to provide a general setting of information for my paper.

Grabe, Shelly and et al. “The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A                                   meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies.” Psychological Bulletin 134.3 (May                 2008):460-476.PsycARTICLES. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.
This study is going over how many different types of effects the media can cause when portraying the ideal woman. It lists 141 different mental effect out of 77 different subjects. I plan on using this to show again how much the media impact the viewer in ways that are not all positive.

Jones, Amy H. "Visual and Verbal Gender Cues In the Televised Coverage of the 2010                                          Winter Olympics."The Social Science Collection 6.2 (2010): 199-216. Academic Search                            Premier. Web. 6 Oct. 2015. 
This is a study that analyzes the visual and social cues within sports and the media. It explains how the sex of commentator, angle of the camera, wardrobe of the athletes, words and phrases used in speaking, etc., are all used to subliminally create a biased for or against a specific sex within the sport. I want to use this source to show the techniques that the media may use to create and enforce gender roles.

Wolska, Malgorzata. "Gender Stereotypes in Mass Media. Case Study: Analysis of the Gender                       Stereotyping Phenomenon in TV Commercials." .Krytyka.org. N.p., 9 Sept. 2011. Web.                           13 Oct.2015.

She argues that within everyday commercials and advertisements, women and men are cast in traditional gender roles. By placing women and men within the traditional roles, the media is telling everyone who sees them that this is the way the world should work. I plan on using this for the facts the case is analyzing.

9. Gender Roles in the media are stereotypical, are enforced through subliminal techniques and are detrimental to their viewers. 

10. My stance is that what the media is doing is wrong and unethical. I believe this because:

          I. Times have changed. What the media is presenting is out of date. 

          II. The techniques they use are not on a even playing field. 

          III. The effects of their presentations are unhealthy and have sparked federal action. 

Lit. Review in Progress (In class Lab)

As a woman of the twenty-first century, I get to live in the unique era it is: women are working, men are staying home, married couples don’t want children, and couples who aren’t married are having children. These shifts in social norms have brought many changes to how people have to view gender roles, but the media has yet to get the memo. This difference in realities is what sparked the idea for this paper.  The media uses subliminal techniques to promote the world that they want, this includes ideas of how women and men should look and act as well as their place within the family and society. This paper will look at: Sources I found but don’t plan on using, the portrayal of gender roles in the media, effects of the portrayal, and the types of techniques used.

There are a number of great sources that speak on how gender roles are portrayed by the media. Lisa M. Cuklanz wrote an article in 2011 titled "Mass Media Representation Gendered Violence." This chapter in this book is about how the media portrays men and women in high stress, usually violent situations. It explains the way men are usually the violent ones, causing drama and harm and/or they are the heroes, saving the day in the most masculine way possible. On the other hand, this chapter explains that women are usually portrayed as weaker and always in need of help or saving, they are almost always the victim. The media is not only aware of this portrayal, but continues to include this outdated stereotype. I plan on using this source as a way to demonstrate specific examples of shows, movies, and films that have this strict gender cast.

Williams, Aleichia. “My Culture Taught Me to be a Homemaker. Thanks, but I Want More.”                              HuffingtonPost News. Huffington Post News, 22 Sept. 2015. Web. 13 Oct. 2015.

She talks about how her cultural background created a sense that all she would amount to was being a mom. She explains how she felt that must have been true because the media agreed with what her parents were telling her and that it wasn’t until high school that she realized she could do more. I want to use this to show that the media isn’t the only force of conformity but that it does enforce certain cultural ideals.

Mayeno, Laurin. “My Son Was a Princess for Halloween, and I Became a Better Parent.” Huffington                PostNews. Huffington Post News, 30 September 2015. Web. 13 Oct. 2015

This is an article that is about a mothers’ struggle with her child not following the social norms of what boys are supposed to like. Her boy preferred to play with dolls and dress up verses going outside and playing in the dirt. After asking her son what he wanted to be for Halloween and he answered a princess without hesitation, the struggle for her became even worse. I want to use this source because it shows, on a personal and ordinary level, that gender roles are hard to break out of fear is social criticism and what is expected of them. Although this doesn’t follow my media is the cause- it does show on a social level that gender norms are all around hard to break and the messaging from the media doesn’t help.

Negra, Diane. "Gender Bifurcation in the Recession Economy: Extreme Couponing and Gold Rush

Alaska." Cinema Journal 53.1 (2013): 123-129. Academic Search Premier. Web. 6 Oct. 2015.

She argues that when the US was in the recession, the media broadcasted shows that enforced gender conformity to traditional roles. Women were portrayed as homemakers in Extreme Couponing while men were portrayed as bread makers and “real men” braving the rough terrain in Alaska for gold. I plan on using this source as a way to show how the media is imposing their set of gender roles.

Wolska, Malgorzata. "Gender Stereotypes in Mass Media. Case Study: Analysis of the Gender Stereotyping Phenomenon in TV Commercials." .Krytyka.org. N.p., 9 Sept. 2011. Web. 13                 Oct.2015.

She argues that within everyday commercials and advertisements, women and men are cast in traditional gender roles. By placing women and men within the traditional roles, the media is telling everyone who sees them that this is the way the world should work. I plan on using this for the facts the case is analyzing.

Winter, Nicholas. "Masculine Republicans And Feminine Democrats: Gender and Americans' Explicit and Implicit Images of the Political Parties.” Political Behavior 32.4 (2010): 587-618. Academic Search Premier. Web. 6 Oct. 2015.

He argues that even in politics, there is the traditional gender roles in how men and women are associated within their political parties and that then affects how the public and their peers view them within the world of politics. The media comes into play here based on how each representative of the parties are broadcast and talked about. I plan on using this souce because it gives a “real World” example of how assumptions fit into gender role ideals based on something everyone talks about: politics.

Woodward, Kath. Questioning Identity: Gender, Class, Ethnicity. London: 2004. Print.

She explains how teens go through a phase where they question everything about themselves and how most of them will turn towards the media and internet for answers which can have a very negative effect on them. She explains how the media can use this vulnerability to conform the next generation into thinking and feeling one way verses another. Because of her ideals on the direct correlation of media and teens I plan on using this source.

Dill, Karen E., and Kathryn P. Thyll. "Video Game Characters and the Socialization of Gender Roles:            YoungPeople’s Perceptions Mirror Sexist Media Depictions." Sex Roles 57.11 (Oct. 2007):                   851-864 JSTOR. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

This article is about the sexualization of women and the masculine way men are portrayed in videogames. It is a study that drawn many connections between video games and the media and the common goal they have. I plan on using this source because it gives a new angle to the argument of media portrayal.

Ward, Monique L. “Understanding the role of entertainment media in the sexual socialization of American youth: A review of empirical research.” Developmental Review 23.3 (Sept. 2003):               347–388. Science Direct. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

This is a review of most of the studies done on the correlation of the media and the sexual socialization of the youth in America. It goes over the type of media and the different types of sexual content is within those types of media. It then goes over the feelings and attitude differences associated with that media when introduced to teens and College Students. I plan on using this source to show a different type of gender role that is spoken of much less, sexual drive.

Grabe, Shelly and et al. “The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-                     analysis of experimental and correlational studies.” Psychological Bulletin 134.3 (May 2008):             460-476.PsycARTICLES. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

This study is going over how many different types of effects the media can cause when portraying the ideal woman. It lists 141 different mental effect out of 77 different subjects. I plan on using this to show again how much the media impact the viewer in ways that are not all positive.

Schneider, David. The Psychology of Stereotyping. New York: 2005. Print.

He shows the effects of what stereotyping can do. He traces the origin of stereotyping and how it the media can reinforce these stereotypes causing an overall negative effect of those being stereotyped. It can instill fear or unreasonable praise. Both of which are out of place and can be detrimental. I plan on using this source because it shows a technique the media uses to enforce ideals without stating them directly. The media uses a system already in place which makes reinforcement easier.

Smith, Stacy L., Dr., and Amy D. Granados. "Gender and the Media." National PTA. AXA                              Foundation,2006. Web. 13 Oct. 2015.

They talk about a study that was done about the effects of the media’s presentation of men and women within children’s shows-most of which are negative. They then go into what can be done to help stop and reverse the effects. I plan on using this source to show direct effects of exposing children to enforced gender roles.

Stice, Eric and et al. “Relation of media exposure to eating disorder symptomatology: An                                  examination ofmediating mechanisms.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103:4 (Nov 1994)                836-840.PsycARTICLES. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

This article explains the correlation between media exposure and eating disorders in men and women. It goes in depth of not only the eating disorders themselves but the pathology of them and their causes my media. I plan on using this source to show the effects of what the media is doing as well as to show why this matters.

United States. Cong. HR. Energy and Commerce. Healthy Media for Youth Act. 111th Cong.,2ns                     

Sess. Serial No. 4925. Washington: HR, 2010. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

This is a bill to create programs to empower girls and boys: to help give them positive reinforcement against the media. I want to use this bill because it shows that something has to be done against this ideal the media is spreading about what the world should look like.

United States. Cong.  Senate - Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Healthy Media for Youth Act.

111Th. Cong., 2nd  sess. Serial No. 3852. Washington: Senate, 2010. Web. 2 Nov. 2015. This is a bill to fund research on women’s portrayal in the media. It is to see if the effects from said portrayal are positive or negative and then to form a solution if needed. I plan on using this source because it shows that there is concern for this problem on a federal level.

Jones, Amy H. "Visual and Verbal Gender Cues In the Televised Coverage of the 2010 Winter                       Olympics."The Social Science Collection 6.2 (2010): 199-216. Academic Search Premier.                   Web. 6 Oct. 2015

This is a study that analyzes the visual and social cues within sports and the media. It explains how the sex of commentator, angle of the camera, wardrobe of the athletes, words and phrases used in speaking, etc., are all used to subliminally create a biased for or against a specific sex within the sport. I want to use this source to show the techniques that the media may use to create and enforce gender roles.

Knight, Jennifer L. and Traci A. Giuliano. “He's a Laker; She's a “Looker”: The Consequences of                    Gender-Stereotypical Portrayals of Male and Female Athlete.” Sex Roles 45:3 (Aug. 2001)                  217-229.JSTOR. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

This article goes over the gender roles in sports based on the audience’s preference. It explains that people’s preferences on athletes were based on the coverage given. Women’s sports articles were based on the attractiveness of the athlete verses men’s coverage was based on abilities and game history. It goes on about the correlation of the media verse the audience. I plan on using this source to once again show techniques the media uses to change perceptions on women and men.

 

Brown, Jane D.  and Kelly L. L'Engle. “Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors Associated With U.S. Early Adolescents' Exposure to Sexually Explicit Media.” Communication Research 36.1 (Feb.                    2009):129-151. JSTOR. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

This article is about the exposure of sexual based media to adolescence and their reaction to it. It explains the types of media used within the study: Pornography, X Rated Movies, etc. and the outcomes on teenage men and women of various social and economic backgrounds. I don’t plan on using this source because it goes off on a tangent I am not directing my paper.

Chant, S. "Researching Gender, Families and Households in Latin America: From the 20Th into                     The21st Century." Bulletin of Latin American Research 21.4 (2002): 545-575. Academic                      Search Premier.Web. 6 Oct. 2015.

This paper goes over the main issues surrounding the familial unit. It reviews how gender roles have changed and the effects that has had on the family and society as well such as women heading households, men staying home with family, and women being more involved within the world. It also reviews how stereotypes play a part on gender roles within the 21st century. It shows how the changes are different than a century ago and what could be behind these changes such as society, the media, and culture. I don’t think I plan on using this source anymore due to the study only covering Latin America.

Lavrin, Ascunción. "Women, The Family, And Social Change In Latin America." World Affairs                       150.2(1987): 109. Academic Search Premier. Web. 6 Oct. 2015.

This article is about the causes and effects of change within the parameters of social life in Latin America. She explains how social pressures and influences such as family, friends, and the media one is exposed to can influence changes in one’s behavior. I don’t plan on using this source because it is focus on only Latin America where as I was hoping to include a more broad spectrum in my paper.

Working Bibliography (In Class Lab)

Working Bibliography

Chant, S. "Researching Gender, Families and Households in Latin America: From the 20Th into      The21st Century." Bulletin of Latin American Research 21.4 (2002): 545-575. Academic  Search Premier.Web. 6 Oct. 2015.

Cuklanz, Lisa M. "Mass Media Representation Gendered Violence." The Routledge Companion to Media

& Gender (2011): n. pag. Udel.edu. University of North Carolina. Web. 13 Oct. 2015.

Jones, Amy H. "Visual and Verbal Gender Cues In the Televised Coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics."

The Social Science Collection 6.2 (2010): 199-216. Academic Search Premier. Web. 6 Oct. 2015

Lavrin, Ascunción. "Women, The Family, And Social Change In Latin America." World Affairs 150.2

(1987): 109. Academic Search Premier. Web. 6 Oct. 2015.

Mayeno, Laurin. “My Son Was a Princess for Halloween, and I Became a Better Parent.” Huffington

Post News. Huffington Post News, 30 September 2015. Web. 13 Oct. 2015

Negra, Diane. "Gender Bifurcation in the Recession Economy: Extreme Couponing and Gold Rush

Alaska." Cinema Journal 53.1 (2013): 123-129. Academic Search Premier. Web. 6 Oct. 2015.

Schneider, David. The Psychology of Stereotyping. New York: 2005. Print.

Smith, Stacy L., Dr., and Amy D. Granados. "Gender and the Media." National PTA. AXA Foundation,

2006. Web. 13 Oct. 2015.

Williams, Aleichia. “My Culture Taught Me to be a Homemaker. Thanks, but I Want More.” Huffington

Post News. Huffington Post News, 22 Sept. 2015. Web. 13 Oct. 2015.

Wolska, Malgorzata. "Gender Stereotypes in Mass Media. Case Study: Analysis of the Gender

Stereotyping Phenomenon in TV Commercials." .Krytyka.org. N.p., 9 Sept. 2011. Web.

13 Oct. 2015.

Winter, Nicholas. "Masculine Republicans And Feminine Democrats: Gender and Americans' Explicit And

Implicit Images of the Political Parties.” Political Behavior 32.4 (2010): 587-618. Academic Search Premier. Web. 6 Oct. 2015.

Woodward, Kath. Questioning Identity: Gender, Class, Ethnicity. London: 2004. Print.

Annotated Bibliography

Brown, Jane D.  and Kelly L. L'Engle. “Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors Associated With U.S. Early

Adolescents' Exposure to Sexually Explicit Media.” Communication Research 36.1 (Feb.                    2009):129-151. JSTOR. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

This article is about the exposure of sexual based media to adolescence and their reaction to it. It explains the types of media used within the study: Pornography, X Rated Movies, etc. and the outcomes on teenage men and women of various social and economic backgrounds. I don’t plan on using this source because it goes off on a tangent I am not directing my paper.

Chant, S. "Researching Gender, Families and Households in Latin America: From the 20Th into                     The21st Century." Bulletin of Latin American Research 21.4 (2002): 545-575. Academic                      Search Premier.Web. 6 Oct. 2015.

This paper goes over the main issues surrounding the familial unit. It reviews how gender roles have changed and the effects that has had on the family and society as well such as women heading households, men staying home with family, and women being more involved within the world. It also reviews how stereotypes play a part on gender roles within the 21st century. It shows how the changes are different than a century ago and what could be behind these changes such as society, the media, and culture. I don’t think I plan on using this source anymore due to the study only covering Latin America.

Cuklanz, Lisa M. "Mass Media Representation Gendered Violence." The Routledge Companion to                    Media& Gender (2011): n. pag. Academic Search Premier. Web. 13 Oct. 2015.

This chapter in this book is about how the media portrays men and women in high stress, usually violent situations. It explains the way men are usually the violent ones, causing drama and harm and/or they are the heroes, saving the day in the most masculine way possible. On the other hand, this chapter explains that women are usually portrayed as weaker and always in need of help or saving, they are almost always the victim. The media is not only aware of this portrayal, but continues to include this outdated stereotype. I plan on using this source as a way to demonstrate specific examples of shows, movies, and films that have this strict gender cast.

Dill, Karen E., and Kathryn P. Thyll. "Video Game Characters and the Socialization of Gender Roles:            YoungPeople’s Perceptions Mirror Sexist Media Depictions." Sex Roles 57.11 (Oct. 2007):                   851-864 JSTOR. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

This article is about the sexualization of women and the masculine way men are portrayed in videogames. It is a study that drawn many connections between video games and the media and the common goal they have. I plan on using this source because it gives a new angle to the argument of media portrayal.

Grabe, Shelly and et al. “The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-                     analysis of experimental and correlational studies.” Psychological Bulletin 134.3 (May 2008):             460-476.PsycARTICLES. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

This study is going over how many different types of effects the media can cause when portraying the ideal woman. It lists 141 different mental effect out of 77 different subjects. I plan on using this to show again how much the media impact the viewer in ways that are not all positive.

Jones, Amy H. "Visual and Verbal Gender Cues In the Televised Coverage of the 2010 Winter                       Olympics."The Social Science Collection 6.2 (2010): 199-216. Academic Search Premier.                   Web. 6 Oct. 2015

This is a study that analyzes the visual and social cues within sports and the media. It explains how the sex of commentator, angle of the camera, wardrobe of the athletes, words and phrases used in speaking, etc., are all used to subliminally create a biased for or against a specific sex within the sport. I want to use this source to show the techniques that the media may use to create and enforce gender roles.

Knight, Jennifer L. and Traci A. Giuliano. “He's a Laker; She's a “Looker”: The Consequences of                    Gender-Stereotypical Portrayals of Male and Female Athlete.” Sex Roles 45:3 (Aug. 2001)                  217-229.JSTOR. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

This article goes over the gender roles in sports based on the audience’s preference. It explains that people’s preferences on athletes were based on the coverage given. Women’s sports articles were based on the attractiveness of the athlete verses men’s coverage was based on abilities and game history. It goes on about the correlation of the media verse the audience. I plan on using this source to once again show techniques the media uses to change perceptions on women and men.

Lavrin, Ascunción. "Women, The Family, And Social Change In Latin America." World Affairs                       150.2(1987): 109. Academic Search Premier. Web. 6 Oct. 2015.

This article is about the causes and effects of change within the parameters of social life in Latin America. She explains how social pressures and influences such as family, friends, and the media one is exposed to can influence changes in one’s behavior. I don’t plan on using this source because it is focus on only Latin America where as I was hoping to include a more broad spectrum in my paper.

Mayeno, Laurin. “My Son Was a Princess for Halloween, and I Became a Better Parent.” Huffington                PostNews. Huffington Post News, 30 September 2015. Web. 13 Oct. 2015

This is an article that is about a mothers’ struggle with her child not following the social norms of what boys are supposed to like. Her boy preferred to play with dolls and dress up verses going outside and playing in the dirt. After asking her son what he wanted to be for Halloween and he answered a princess without hesitation, the struggle for her became even worse. I want to use this source because it shows, on a personal and ordinary level, that gender roles are hard to break out of fear is social criticism and what is expected of them. Although this doesn’t follow my media is the cause- it does show on a social level that gender norms are all around hard to break and the messaging from the media doesn’t help.

Negra, Diane. "Gender Bifurcation in the Recession Economy: Extreme Couponing and Gold Rush

Alaska." Cinema Journal 53.1 (2013): 123-129. Academic Search Premier. Web. 6 Oct. 2015.

She argues that when the US was in the recession, the media broadcasted shows that enforced gender conformity to traditional roles. Women were portrayed as homemakers in Extreme Couponing while men were portrayed as bread makers and “real men” braving the rough terrain in Alaska for gold. I plan on using this source as a way to show how the media is imposing their set of gender roles.

Schneider, David. The Psychology of Stereotyping. New York: 2005. Print.

He shows the effects of what stereotyping can do. He traces the origin of stereotyping and how it the media can reinforce these stereotypes causing an overall negative effect of those being stereotyped. It can instill fear or unreasonable praise. Both of which are out of place and can be detrimental. I plan on using this source because it shows a technique the media uses to enforce ideals without stating them directly. The media uses a system already in place which makes reinforcement easier.

Smith, Stacy L., Dr., and Amy D. Granados. "Gender and the Media." National PTA. AXA                              Foundation,2006. Web. 13 Oct. 2015.

They talk about a study that was done about the effects of the media’s presentation of men and women within children’s shows-most of which are negative. They then go into what can be done to help stop and reverse the effects. I plan on using this source to show direct effects of exposing children to enforced gender roles.

Stice, Eric and et al. “Relation of media exposure to eating disorder symptomatology: An                                  examination ofmediating mechanisms.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103:4 (Nov 1994)                836-840.PsycARTICLES. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

This article explains the correlation between media exposure and eating disorders in men and women. It goes in depth of not only the eating disorders themselves but the pathology of them and their causes my media. I plan on using this source to show the effects of what the media is doing as well as to show why this matters.

Ward, Monique L. “Understanding the role of entertainment media in the sexual socialization of

American youth: A review of empirical research.” Developmental Review 23.3 (Sept. 2003):               347–388. Science Direct. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

This is a review of most of the studies done on the correlation of the media and the sexual socialization of the youth in America. It goes over the type of media and the different types of sexual content is within those types of media. It then goes over the feelings and attitude differences associated with that media when introduced to teens and College Students. I plan on using this source to show a different type of gender role that is spoken of much less, sexual drive.

Williams, Aleichia. “My Culture Taught Me to be a Homemaker. Thanks, but I Want More.”                              HuffingtonPost News. Huffington Post News, 22 Sept. 2015. Web. 13 Oct. 2015.

She talks about how her cultural background created a sense that all she would amount to was being a mom. She explains how she felt that must have been true because the media agreed with what her parents were telling her and that it wasn’t until high school that she realized she could do more. I want to use this to show that the media isn’t the only force of conformity but that it does enforce certain cultural ideals.

Wolska, Malgorzata. "Gender Stereotypes in Mass Media. Case Study: Analysis of the Gender

Stereotyping Phenomenon in TV Commercials." .Krytyka.org. N.p., 9 Sept. 2011. Web. 13                 Oct.2015.

She argues that within everyday commercials and advertisements, women and men are cast in traditional gender roles. By placing women and men within the traditional roles, the media is telling everyone who sees them that this is the way the world should work. I plan on using this for the facts the case is analyzing.

Winter, Nicholas. "Masculine Republicans And Feminine Democrats: Gender and Americans' 

             Explicit and Implicit Images of the Political Parties.” Political Behavior 32.4 (2010): 587-                   618. Academic Search Premier. Web. 6 Oct. 2015.

He argues that even in politics, there is the traditional gender roles in how men and women are associated within their political parties and that then affects how the public and their peers view them within the world of politics. The media comes into play here based on how each representative of the parties are broadcast and talked about. I plan on using this souce because it gives a “real World” example of how assumptions fit into gender role ideals based on something everyone talks about: politics.

United States. Cong. HR. Energy and Commerce. Healthy Media for Youth Act. 111^th Cong.,2ns                      Sess.Serial No. 4925. Washington: HR, 2010. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

This is a bill to create programs to empower girls and boys: to help give them positive reinforcement against the media. I want to use this bill because it shows that something has to be dine against this ideal the media is spreading about what the world should look like.

United States. Cong.  Senate - Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Healthy Media for Youth Act.

111^Th. Cong., 2^nd  sess. Serial No. 3852. Washington: Senate, 2010. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

This is a bill to fund research on women’s portrayal in the media. It is to see if the effects from said portrayal are positive or negative and then to form a solution if needed. I plan on using this source because it shows that there is concern for this problem on a federal level.

Woodward, Kath. Questioning Identity: Gender, Class, Ethnicity. London: 2004. Print.

She explains how teens go through a phase where they question everything about themselves and how most of them will turn towards the media and internet for answers which can have a very negative effect on them. She explains how the media can use this vulnerability to conform the next generation into thinking and feeling one way verses another. Because of her ideals on the direct correlation of media and teens I plan on using this source.